Compare the Methods Used to Distribute Two Selected Products and Services Essay

In this report I will be comparing methods used by two different retailers on how they distribute two chosen products, of my choice, in two different retailing sectors. Seeing as the food and clothing sector both have very different styles of how they meet their product requirements, I will compare Tesco and JD; The products from these two companies itself that I’m going to compare is ‘Tesco Value Bread’ and Nike hoodies. For the food retailing sector (Tesco) there are many different departments that address what type of design is necessary for the distribution chain, the types that are available for a company such as Tesco is: frozen, chilled, and fresh foods, with packed goods too. However, for the clothing sector (JD) for a product like Nike hoodies JD need to consider various things like amount of the specific product they want, how they’re going to get them (whether it’s overseas or not) and will they have enough to reach customer demand, etc. Tesco have manufacturers that mass produce products such as their ‘Tesco Value Bread’ to keep up with their customer satisfaction in quantity. The goods travel from the manufacturer to the actual retailer (Tesco) and from there it’s sold directly to the customer for their consumption or any other need. However, for the Nike Hoodies to get to the customer Nike have to go through additional steps to get their item out on the market. As always, the product, in this case Nike hoodies, start off being massed produced by the manufacturer, which then get sent off to the wholesaler- which would be Nike; After all of this the final adjustments are done to the good (Nike hoodie) it’s sent to retailers, mainly abroad, for them to sell it directly to the customers. These two products production processes are quite different as they go through different their production quality is very different. Plus, the amount of time it takes to produce each product differentiates from the two also. The only main similarity they really have is the delivery procedures that take place; this could mean the shipping costs, the quality of transport and what’s expected. There are more outgoing costs in the production process for the Nike hoodies than the ‘Tesco Value Bread’ as the clothing’s going to more places, and costs a considerable amount more to make than the bread. The warehousing locations used to hold the goods (the food and the clothing) may be identical in size but the number of locations is most likely different. Because of the fact that the Nike hoodies are bigger in size compared to the ‘Tesco Value Bread’ one may be lead to believe that Nike have purchased/hired out a lot more warehouses to contain their goods compared to Tesco. On the other hand, even though Nike may seem to have more warehouses than Tesco it doesn’t necessarily mean that they sell more, as there are different levels of demand for both the products. Nike promote their hoodies through a lot of ways; Nike use mainly advertisements through the web, television and advertisements through shops-most of the time their own shops. They mass promote their Nike hoodies, whether they’re new releases or just old hoodies that need to go. Through companies like JD that sell Nike hoodies most of the time they put the hoodies on sell to promote the product further and make it more appealing to the customers that may want to purchase it. Tesco, to some extent, do in fact the same thing in regards to reduced cost methods but it isn’t even close to comparable when looking at how much of the total cost of the two items I’ve chosen are; for example: ‘Tesco Value Bread is around 45p, Tesco could suddenly decide to reduce it to 37p, there’s an 8p difference. JD however, sells Nike hoodies for around  £60- £70, they could choose to reduce it to  £30, and the difference would be ? 30-? 40. Now, the overall difference between the bread and the Nike hoodie is about  £29.92- £39.92; clearly looking at the statistics there’s a massive difference. Nike as a massive retailing company would find it easy to sell their Nike hoodie merchandise as they’ve already built up their reputation across the globe as to how much quality and various other reasons why the customer should buy their Nike hoodies; just like Nike, Tesco have also built up a fearsome reputation on the market for selli ng their goods at reasonably cheap prices that appeal to majority of people. Nike also have a wide range of the target market that they aim their products at, however, Tesco have more of a range on their goods, like their ‘Tesco Value Bread’ are aimed at pretty much everyone and anyone that wants cheap bread, but mainly targeted at a family orientated customer. Comparing Tesco and Nike to offers that occur after a trade/purchase is a really one sided comparison. Tesco excel the most at keeping their customers loyal and retained through keeping them updated on new offers/things that will benefit them greatly. Tesco are mainly known for their Clubcard points, the Clubcard points can be added up to give them a nice discount from their next exchange with Tesco, which again ensures that they always come back- it’s like a cycle. Currently Nike is trying their best to retain their customers. Nike aren’t that well known for trying to keep their customers loyal and retaining them but they’re slowly but surely increasing that weakness and turning it into a strength, just like how Tesco have. In conclusion, I have listed, explained and compared the methods that Tesco and Nike have/currently used to distribute their specific goods that chose, which were; ‘Tesco Value Bread’ and Nikes’ hoodies and how they impacted the market. I have also addressed their target market and how this may affect how they portray their company in order to distribute their goods.

Free Will and Religion: A Nietzsche Perspective Essay

Free will has been studied for many centuries and has still puzzled ordinary people, many thinkers, scholars, theories, literary figures, and theologians worldwide. It has been confused with so many factors such as necessity or determinism from which the individual wonder whether his actions are based on self will or driven by conditions he cannot control. Other scholars linked it with moral responsibility and faith in God claiming that there is really no free will since it is influenced and manipulated by many factors (Kane 2). For many essentialists, free will is not recognized as an independent concept but rather a dynamic and essential context (Sack 79). Over the decades, ancient doctrines had been made recognizing the existence of free will; however many philosophers questioned it such as Friedrich Nietzsche who was one of the known philosophers to criticize free will. In the ancient and medieval studies of free will, a theological dimension has been recognized by many philosophers as a connection to ‘free will’. St. Thomas Aquinas and St. Augustine, whom Nietzsche share similar conclusions, considered free will as a gift from God and by possessing it means that we are beyond animals. More thinkers were intrigued by free will such as Descartes, Hume, and Kant who offered several solutions, a metaphysical framework, and a dichotomy of passion and reason to explain its dynamics. Free will becomes even more problematic as more ideas and concepts were linked to it such as ‘determinism’ and ‘causality’ offered by Schopenhauer and Freud (Dilman 2). These studies seemed to accept that many factors influence free will yet free will still exists. However, for Nietzsche free will is not affected by the course of events, fate, and it has no law (Dworkin 178). Nietzsche criticized â€Å"free will† by differentiating Christian free will and aristocratic free will. He believed that it is just an idea used to make an individual feel guilty particularly as a Christian religion control mechanism over the people. He argued that the â€Å"will† is not free because it is commanded within by the â€Å"I† and that the â€Å"I† and the power within the will is not the same. Additionally, he argued that the actions expressing the will are incorrectly connected to the human will; the power behind willing is separable from external events. Hence, free will is just a matter of â€Å"strong† and â€Å"weak† will (Dworkin 178). In Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future published in 1886, Nietzsche continued to explore about his previous work—Thus Spoke Zarathustra. His arguments attacked on moral consciousness which led to the human presuppositions of â€Å"self-consciousness†, â€Å"truth†, including â€Å"free will†. Instead, he offered the idea of will to power as a concept to explain human behavior and concluding that there is no universal morality. He criticized philosophers and suggested qualities for new philosophers: creation of values, originality, imagination, self-assertion, and danger. He arrived at a concept of the perspective of life which he called â€Å"beyond good and evil† (Nietzsche, Faber, and Holub). The assumptions in Beyond Good and Evil are disturbing and unsympathetic to the traditional moral and philosophical assumptions. Nietzsche strongly suggested an â€Å"aristocratic† perspective of life as he probed on the history of moral values and the demise of strong cultures. These made his work attractive especially the chapters On the Prejudices of Philosophers, The Free Spirit, The Religious Essence, On the Natural History of Morals, and What is Noble (Spinks 167). Nietzsche disagreed with free will but he did not explicitly approve that the will is â€Å"unfree† either. Some wills are strong and some are weak. Given a tautology â€Å"the light shines†, there will be no light unless it shines and that the light does not have a free choice whether to shine or not to shine at all. Hence, the power in will is manifested only through the action or on how it is manifested. Nietzsche further argued that will cannot be free or unfree such that a power has no free choice whether to materialize itself in mild or severe fashion. However, this kind of perspective was not perceived by a common consciousness among people and the notion of strong and weak will is not accepted (Kazantakis and Makridis 28). According to Nietzsche, free will is an idea created by the weak so that they could elevate themselves as an equal to their masters. If the status or worth of an individual is not measured according to the quantity of power he possessed, the weak who use his power mildly becomes better or greater to an individual who is able to manifest a deed in a mild or harsh manner. The strong accept this theory of free will but this indicates pride. One will consider that his actions have undivided responsibility, either â€Å"good† or â€Å"evil,† and come up to a conclusion that his actions is independent and free from regulation of other wills (Kazantakis and Makridis 29). The metaphysics of â€Å"weakness† is explained by Nietzsche by referring to the soul, God, and free will which he described as words that refer to nothing. Will, on the other hand, is a complicated idea that is represented only by a word and commanded by a superior being within a man he assumes is able to obey. The soul, on the other hand, becomes a subject that is eternal, stable, and represents morality and emotions. The notion of stable entity proves the instability of reality and of the world. It cannot be avoided and experience through suffering particularly of the weak. Hence, there is weakness and the weak in return tries to invent an alternative to this kind of reality (Dudley 152). In Beyond Good and Evil, it is impossible to explain free will in relation to morality without the religious framework or a philosophy with God. During the time that famous scholars (including Nietzsche) dealt with free will, Christianity has been the prevailing religion all over Europe and its influence greatly manifested on numerous publications. God is hailed as the source of all morality and its meanings through holy writings such as the Bible, divine interventions, and intermediations. However, Nietzsche presented an overman that is beyond â€Å"good and evil†. The overman is independent, creates his own values, and disregards good and evil. Nietzsche reversed the reality instead by saying that God is created by people, they associated him with values, and followed its doctrines â€Å"as if these values had been decreed by divine will† (Earnshaw 51) As an essentialist, Nietzsche shared the same belief that people create and live by their own values. Hence, the definition of ‘good’ and ‘evil’ is relative to the people and their respective societies. Despite man’s lack of ability to discriminate between what is truth and imaginary, the â€Å"will to truth† is probably the highest â€Å"good†. The unfolding of will, which he described as neither free nor unfree, is perhaps an action of the will to what is true. Nietzsche presented another assumption that can be considered logical. He said that even though searching or willing for the truth is the highest, there are more fundamental matters behind this: affirmation of life, preservation of species, and so on. Therefore, â€Å"untruth† becomes a part of the will as â€Å"truth† is. If this is the case, then conventional philosophers are not seekers of the universal truth but simply rationalizing their prejudices (Earnshaw 52). Since Nietzsche did not accept either free or unfree will, his idea of will is reflected on his concepts of ‘will to truth’ and ‘will to power’. He found out that philosophers like him have an incredible role and impact in creating directing what to will for. Philosophers have great and creative minds and most of them are commanders and legislators. Through their knowledge, they can create; their creation leads to legislation; and their legislation push for will to truth. However, the meaning for will to truth is will to power. Hence, his idea of an overman who is beyond good and evil is externalized since philosophers can extend and reach visions that are not good or God oriented (Allen 71). Religion not only signifies an important role to explain Nietzsche’s â€Å"good and evil† and to describe what to will but also it can also be an instrument for the philosopher-legislator. As Nietzsche described human beings as â€Å"free spirits† or individuals having the â€Å"most comprehensive responsibility who has the conscience for the overall development of mankind†, he argued that a philosopher will use religion for his knowledge to be cultivated. Through religion, the philosopher’s creations can influence human beings and dictate their wills. However, the religion that Nietzsche is referring is a religion that is linked with philosophy and used merely for education and cultivation, a means among other means, but not the ultimate end. Otherwise, if religion is used separated from philosophy and as a legislator on its own, the effects are unexpected and dangerous (Allen 72). Fate, consequences, or course of events do not play significant roles in Nietzsche’s will. The act of willing is not similar to the power behind willing or the causal relationship brought by the natural science. No necessity can influence willing and unfree will is just a mythology. No law is bound to change will other than the power in other wills. The belief on the â€Å"unfreedom of the will,† or the idea that an individual might decide or act upon dictation or influence, is just a mere excuse used by individuals to prevent them from responsibilities and point the blame to other matters. Nietzsche’s argument on â€Å"unfree will† was similar to St. Augustine’s who argued that God indeed has ‘foreknowledge of events’ but gave man a ‘power to will’. If a man’s will is not successful in doing what it wills, fate is not the cause but a more powerful will. However, the weak often blame fate as the root of suffering instead hence Augustine said that â€Å"fate belongs to the weaker of two parties, will to the stronger. † (Dworkin 178). At first glance, Nietzsche argument on will can be vague, confusing, and challenging but given the mass of ideas presented in Beyond Good and Evil, readers and thinkers can get plenty of advice from a seemingly manual type for philosophers publication. In defining his analysis on will, Nietzsche began by attacking the conventional philosophers and philosophical assumptions. The assumptions can be pretty confusing and devastating to other philosophers and his views on God can be described as anti-Christ. Undeniably, he made a strong conclusion by saying that the â€Å"will to power†Ã¢â‚¬â€the strongest will of all that is driven by emotions and things that man is passionate of, can change numerous things in the world. In order to correct this kind of prejudice, Nietzsche offered a solution he called the â€Å"free spirit† which can be achieved through isolation and independence or living a different live, the difficult one. In order to grasps what he meant about â€Å"free spirit†, he further described morality and truth which can be confusing and might unacceptable to others. He said that the only real things in this world are man’s emotions, passions, and motivations. Nietzsche provided a doctrine that is simplified and meant to be understood by ordinary people. The shift is observable since his previous works were mostly misunderstood and used for destructive purposes. Nietzsche attack on Christianity and/or religion intrigued numerous scholars. He described religion as the cause of the distortion of people’s values, pushed many to become non-believers, and offer self-sacrifice. On the other hand, some found his assertions contradictory such as man’s inability to know the truth yet in his book he seemed to declare a lot of truths. He said that philosophers must avoid justifying their own opinions yet Nietzsche sounded like a dictator of his self-declared truths. Nevertheless, he is able to point out that truth is relative among people, that there is no universal truth, and that man should will for his own truth. Works Cited Allen, Douglas. Comparative Philosophy and Religion in Times of Terror. Lexington Books, 2006 Dilman, Ilham. Free Will: A Historical and Philosophical Introduction. Routledge, 1999. Dudley, Will. Hegel, Nietzsche, and Philosophy: Thinking Freedom. Cambridge University Press, 2002. Dworkin, Ronald William. The Rise of the Imperial Self. Rowman & Littlefield, 1996. Earnshaw, Steven. Existentialism: A Guide for the Perplexed. Continuum Publishing Group, 2007. Kane, Robert. Free Will. Wiley-Blackwell, 2002. Kazantakis, Nikos & Makridis, Odysseus. Friedrich Nietzsche on the Philosophy of Right and the State. SUNY Press, 2006. Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhem, Faber, Marion, & Holub, Robert. Beyond Good and Evil. Oxford University Press, 1998. Sack, Robert David. A Geographical Guide to the Real and the Good. Routledge, 2003 Spinks, Lee. Friedrich Nietzsche. Routledge, 2003.

Diels-Alder reaction Essay

Purpose: In this experiment a Diels-Alder reaction was used to form the products. Cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride were reacted together to form cis-Norbornene-5,6-endo-dicarboxylic anhydride. 7-oxabicyclo{2.2.1}hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride was also produced through a Diels-Alder reaction with the combination of furan and maleic anhydride. Equation: Procedure: Part 1 In a flask equipped with a septum side arm and topped with distillation heat and a thermometer add 2.5ml of mineral oil. Heat the oil. At the end of the distillation heat place an ice filled beaker. When the oil reaches 250 °C inject 0.6ml of dicyclpentadiene drop wise through septum. Make sure the temperature does not go above 45 °C. The product is then weighed. Part 2 In a reaction tube place 0.20g maleic anhydride and 1.0ml of ethyl acetate then add 1.0ml of hexane. Then add 0.20ml of cyclopentadiene. Cool the tube in an ice bath. Remove solvent from crystals using pipette. Wash crystals with hexanes then remove solvent again. Allow crystals to dry. Part 3 In a flask place 2.4g maleic anhydride and add 20ml of diethyl ether. Dissolve mixture using hot plate then let cool to room temperature. Add 1.8ml of furane to the flask. Wrap the flask with Parafilm after placing a stopper on top of flask. Place the flask under the hood for the next lab period. Upon the return of the next class period the formed crystals were scrapped from the flask. The crystals were then weighed and melting points were observed. Discussion and Conclusion: A Diels-Alder reaction was used to produce the products of this experiment. The first reaction was cyclopentadiene with maleic anhydride to from the product of cis-Norbornene-5,6-endo-dicarboxylic anhydride. Before that could be produced, dicyclopentadiene had to be cracked to get cyclopentadiene for the starting material. Cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride were mixed together and cooled to room temperature, which produced crystals. The solvent was pipette out of the tube to separate the crystals. The crystals were then scraped on the filter paper to get weight and melting points. The end product yielded 82.6%. The melting point was observed at 162-163 °C. This indicated a close to pure substance with the actual melting point being 165 °C. The second part of the experiment was the reaction of furan with maleic anhydride. This reaction produced 7-oxabicyclo{2.2.1}hept-5-ene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride. Maleic anhydride was combined with diethyl either to dissolve the solid. Then furan was added and place under the hood for the next class period. During this time crystals were formed in the stopped flask. The melting point for the end product was observed at 113-114 °C. This indicated that the product was exo. The percent yield was calculated at 5.98%. There were many sources of error that could have contributed to the results of these experiments. The end product could have cooled a little longer to form more crystals. Also the crystals could have been dried more to produce better melting points. Separating the solvent from the test tube was not completely precise and may  have lost some of the product in the extraction. Scraping the crystals out of the flask or test tube was not easy and some of the product was lost during this step. Overall the experiment was a success. Reference: Williamson, K.; Minard, R.; Masters, K. Macroscale and Microscale Organic Experiments, 2011. Pg 617-629.

OOAD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

OOAD - Essay Example This new booking system will provide facility to computerize the record of the booking of customers into function (event) rooms or bedrooms; and ensures that a room is made available for further bookings as soon as it is vacated. This new system will be implemented to provide the reception more enhanced services. Through this overall customer services will improve that is the main aim in any business. This system will be based on the centralized databases system that will be used to record and manage daily working and management. This system will present a more enhanced working and handling of the overall booking and reservation of the hotel rooms and halls. This system will comprise the client and admin levels. The client system will run at reception to provide the receptionist help regarding the dealing and customer management. This level of the system will allow to reserve, relies, pay and check the overall room’s status and activities. The level will also generate customer slip for the payment. The admin level of the system will be handled by the administration. This level will be used to access the daily working, room’s status and profit. Here management will also be able to draw the daily monthly or any periodic reports. In this section I will present the main use cases of this system. This way of system design will provide a better overview of the system activates and responses. I have used smart draw for the drawing of this uses cases diagram. This section is about the analysis of the use-case model that drives other models in object-oriented analysis and design. The object-oriented technique with Unified Modeling Language is initiated by the system stakeholders as well as the working actions those are required. To demonstrate the on the whole behavior we build up use case model. This way of system modeling presents the indispensable circumstances in which user uses and interacts with the system and generate important

Brand Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Brand Management - Case Study Example The process of developing a brand is often lengthy and tedious. Besides being tedious and lengthy, a lot of care has to be taken throughout the process because it is a long-term venture in that once the brand is released to the public, it will remain there until maybe the owners of the brand decide to better it, withdraw or transfer it. The process ranges from getting the brand name also called the trademark (Belinda, 2000: p1), to the promotion and marketing of the brand before and after its release to the market.The brand itself is surrounded by a number of attributes whose absence means that there is no brand at all. Brand, therefore, may be said to be the sum total of all the intangible attributes of the product. These attributes include things like the name the presentation represented by the packaging, its history, its reputation, its pricing and even its advertisement approach. All these are necessary for the success of the brand in the marketplace but advertisement and market ing of the brand have greater stakes in the determination of the brand success. Marketing involves advertisement and it is synonymous to promotion. It is necessary that the public has to be aware of the product if at all they have to buy. As stated earlier, the brand can apply to both the product produced and the identity of the company itself. It is important that before the product is marketed, the company should be marketed first to prepare the public of what the company stands for, its values, commitments etc.... Besides being tedious and lengthy, a lot of care has to be taken through out the process because it is a long term venture in that once the brand is released to the public, it will remain there until maybe the owners of the brand decide to better it, withdraw or transfer it. The process ranges from getting the brand name also called the trademark (Belinda, 2000: p1), to the promotion and marketing of the brand before and after its release to the market. The brand itself is surrounded by a number of attributes whose absence means that there is no brand at all. Brand therefore may bee said to be the sum total of all the intangible attributes of the product. These attributes include things like the name the presentation represented by the packaging, its history, its reputation, its pricing and even its advertisement approach. All these are necessary for the success of the brand in the market place but advertisement and marketing of the brand have greater stakes in the determination of the brand success. Marketing involves advertisement and it is synonymous to promotion. It is necessary that the public has to be aware of the product if at all they have to buy. Therefore, marketing is very important as far as the marketplace success of the brand (Rik et al 2003). As stated earlier, brand can apply to both the product produced and the identity of the company itself. It is important that before the product is marketed, the company should be marketed first to prepare the public of what the company stands for, its values, commitments etc. This will help the public create associations when the product eventually hits the market. Brand marketing, in the sense of the corporate identity, is the management of the media and

Advance project management(project plan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Advance project management(project plan) - Essay Example port will better inform centre’s stakeholders about the advances the centre is making and will serve as a tool for attracting funding to the organization. In order to achieve set goals and objectives of the project, it is critical to breakdown the workload and tasks, which should be done in order to complete the project. A work breakdown structure is a â€Å"deliverable oriented hierarchical decomposition of the work to be executed by the project team† (The Project Management Body of Knowledge, cited by Workbreakdownstructure.com, n.d.). Below is presented detailed work breakdown structure, with the details on sub-deliverables of the project. Success of any project depends on the accurate estimation of the activity duration. The project requires estimation of the various requirements of cost, time and resources throughout the project. In order to ensure that the project will be completed on time it is necessary to understand how much time each activity will require (Pcubed, n.d). Below is given the list of activities for this project, along with their estimated completion timeframe in weeks/days. Project initiation part is excluded from this list. Even though the estimation of each activity’s duration provides information of the time it will take to complete the whole project, activity duration estimation is dependent on the other elements of the project, including time and resource estimates (Pcubed, n.d.). This issue will be addressed in the next sections of the report. In order to complete the project there will be involved different stakeholders and people. It is critical to track roles and responsibilities of every team member (Viswanathan, 2014). The project team is comprised of 4 key people, including: project manager, marketing specialist, writer/editor, and staff assistant. This team will perform the main job related to the preparation of content of the Annual report, design, and bidding for subcontractors for designer’s work, printing and

Convergent Journalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Convergent Journalism - Essay Example The word convergence is used to provide meaning to the user but these individual definitions may not be according to the minds of readers. Convergence journalism is concerned with merging the print media, photojournalism, podcasting, video and broadcast. It also is concerned with the links between the internet and other media such as DVDs. All these media are converted to a dynamic media entity in which all team members understand and participate in the entire process during which they prepare information to distribute to the readers and viewers (Anderson, 2005). Technology has helped to facilitate the creation of faster and more capable computers, digital camcorders and cameras. Devices like CDs and DVDs have all become involved in the process of spreading information. News travels very fast as it can be received by many devices like television, radio, newspapers, websites, cell phones and iPods. Another important achievement is that social networking sites like MySpace and Facebook have become popular among all age groups. This allows members to access their own pages to find out all kinds of information. Convergence journalism is also concerned with online journaling or blogging which allows people to express their views. There are blogs of every type which can cover diverse fields like education, politics, news, opinions, recreation and sports. Blogs can be accessed by devices like computers, cell phones, and iPods. People are spending more time online as major shopping sites, networking sites, blogging sites and message boards offer a variety of diverse information to the people. Television news teams are now creating news packages to be shown on the web and on networks and stations. The web packages include articles and other items found in newspapers. The web has also facilitated the use of interactive features which can provide a user friendly environment to the users. There are forums and blogs which can provide valuable information about the public's rating of major programs and news. Television news teams have also began to create new content on the web to attract young read ers by providing interactive features like polls, blogs and forums (McNair, 2006). Streaming video and audio broadcasts are also offered for web viewers. Local areas have been collaborating with these news channels as they provide up to date information on the web. Newspaper and television news teams now collaborate with each other as they try to present the news according to the environment. Some newspapers have moved their operations to the internet while others are partly keeping their home delivery. Some newspapers are offering home deliveries only on weekends because of the rising prices as they cannot meet their costs (Allan, 2006). Another form of convergence journalism is citizen journalism in which freelance citizens are allowed to become part of newspaper publications. They provide information and access to content which online publications would have difficulty finding. The advent of digital photography has helped to discard the use of darkroom equipment